Hydroelectric power generation is an engineering technology that converts the water energy contained in a body of water, such as a river, lake or ocean, into electrical energy.
1、Principle
The principle of hydroelectricity is to use the potential energy of the body of water to do work, the main factor is the flow and head. Flow refers to the volume of water passing through a location in a unit of time. The head is the difference in elevation of a body of water in the process of being utilised for power generation, also known as the drop (see hydroelectric head).
The ability to generate hydroelectric power is expressed as hydroelectric power. The basic formula for hydroelectric power is
Where P is the power, kW; η is the total efficiency in the process of energy development and conversion; Q is the flow rate used for power generation, m3/s; H is the head used for power generation, m.
2、Characteristics
Hydroelectric power generation converts water energy into electricity, and it is also a process in which primary energy development and secondary energy construction are formed at the same time. It also has the following characteristics:
(1) Hydropower is a renewable energy source. Hydropower, is the use of nature's hydrological cycle, the body of water in the movement of the earth's surface, due to changes in elevation position of the energy released. Under the action of the sun, the hydrological cycle goes round and round and never stops. Therefore, the energy utilised in hydroelectricity has the characteristics of being repeatedly regenerated and never exhausted. In the classification of energy, hydro energy and solar energy, wind energy, ocean energy, biomass energy and so on belong to the regenerative energy; coal, oil, natural gas and so on belong to the consumptive non-renewable energy.
(2) Water energy is clean energy. Hydraulic energy is naturally contained in the water body of physical energy, in the development, conversion into electricity in the process of no chemical changes, no discharge of harmful substances, no pollution of the environment, and therefore is a clean energy. Hydropower stations with reservoirs can also improve the local climate and ecological environment after completion.
(3) Hydropower is cheap energy. After the construction of hydroelectric power station, it can make use of renewable water energy resources, without the need to consume fuel, saving fuel costs; hydroelectric power plant maintenance and management costs are also low.
(4) Hydroelectricity is flexible in operation and has great economic benefits. Hydropower generating sets start quickly, adjust the output quickly, run the operation of flexible, is the best power system peak, frequency and accident backup power supply, to improve the operation of the power system, improve the quality of electricity, to prevent the expansion of the accident, has an important role, the economic benefits are very large.
(5) High labour productivity of hydropower generation. The investment in building hydroelectric power station is, in a certain sense, equivalent to the investment in mining coal, building railways and constructing thermal power plants of all projects. Hydroelectric power plant operators and operating costs are less, labour productivity is higher than thermal power.
(6) The development of hydropower at the same time have comprehensive use of benefits. Development of hydropower, the river water resources can be comprehensive use, flood control, irrigation, water supply, navigation, aquatic products and tourism and other benefits. Comprehensive use of all aspects, both mutually reinforcing, complementary relationship, but also mutual constraints, contradictory relationship. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the reasonable requirements of each sector, in order to obtain the overall benefits of the best as a principle.
(7) The construction of large and medium-sized reservoirs of hydropower stations, inundation losses are generally larger, the resettlement of immigrants is more complex.
(8) Hydropower generation is affected by changes in river flow. Hydropower stations with poor regulation of reservoirs have a large difference in power generation between flood and dry water periods.
3、Basic requirements of hydropower generation construction
(1) Do a good job of resource census and various surveys.
(2) Prepare the river planning carefully, do the preliminary work, select the best development projects, and implement the river ladder development.
(3) Give full play to the advantages of hydropower generation in the power system and improve the economy and reliability of the power system.
(4) Correctly evaluating the social, economic and environmental impacts of hydropower construction, including: the benefits of comprehensive river utilisation and development, the benefits of promoting regional economic and social development, the benefits of saving a large amount of fuel, and the possible impacts on navigability, fish and wood crossing.
(5) According to the natural and social characteristics, it is necessary to pay attention to the handling of floods and sediments in the construction of hydropower, and to treat the land inundation of reservoirs and the issue of migration with caution.
Small Hydropower Development
The earliest hydropower plants developed in the world were small ones, and then gradually shifted to medium and large ones. after the 1970s, due to the changes in the world energy economy, some countries paid renewed attention to the development of small hydropower. China has always attached great importance to the development of small hydropower, and by the end of 1999, China had built 43,364 small hydropower stations, with a total installed capacity of 25.58GW, and an annual power generation of 72 billion kW-h. Small hydropower has become one of the main power sources in rural areas of China, and has played a great role in the improvement of the life of the rural residents, the enhancement of their culture, and the development of the economy. China's small hydropower accounts for the largest number, scale and penetration of small hydropower in the world.
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